Charles Lee Ray (also known as "The Lakeshore Strangler", or nicknamed "Chucky") is the main antagonist in the Child's Play horror/slasher film series. In 1999, Chucky won the MTV Movie Award for best villain. He was created by Don Mancini and is voiced by Brad Dourif.
History Charles Lee Ray (January 24, 1950 - November 9, 1988) was a voodoo practitioner and serial killer from originally Hackensack, New Jersey along with Eddie Caputo who were involved in a series of brutal murders and voodoo rituals. Charles Lee Ray was born to Irish American mother who came from a wealthy family but worked as a bartender and dancer and Austrian immigrant father who was an alcoholic who frequently abused him and his mother. Relationships:Chucky and Tiffany Tiffany has proven her love for Chucky for years. She wore what she thought was an engagement ring from him ever since he was killed, and she even has a tattoo of a heart with a knife through it and Chucky's name written above it. While Chucky laughed at the idea of him marrying Tiffany, there is no doubt he has some sort of feelings for her. When the two of them were alone in the van while Jesse and Jade were getting married, Chucky apologizes to Tiffany "for everything". After Tiffany kills the two newlyweds by throwing a champagne bottle into the ceiling mirror, Chucky is impressed. This was actually what made Chucky finally say "I love you Tif!" and proposes to her. Chucky is down on one knee and holding the severed finger with the wedding ring still attached, and says he should have asked her to marry him a long time ago. Also in the Hackensack Cemetery when Jesse threatens to shoot Tiffany in the head when Chucky has Jade hostage, Jesse tells Chucky to let Jade go and he'll let Tiffany go, Chucky has no choice but to agree. When they are resurrected in Seed of Chucky, Chucky and Tiffany kill one of the Hollywood workers together with a piece of wire. Moments later, they are seen passionately kissing. When Tiffany wants her and Chucky to stop murdering people, it seems that she has no control over herself, while Chucky seems indifferent to murder. Tiffany seems deeply upset when she kills Jennifer Tilly's friend, Joan. Chucky does all he can to comfort her before realizing it was Glenda. Just as Chucky is performing the ritual to transfer his, Tiffany's and Glen's souls into their victims' bodies, there is a moment of shouting and frustration which angers Chucky. He firmly decides that he wants to remain a doll and that being human isn't so great. Chucky states that he already has everything he wants, "a beautiful wife" and a "multi-talented kid." Tiffany leaves him, taking Glen, causing Chucky to become heartbroken and enraged. He hits tiffany in the head with an ax not realizing that just before she had already transferred her soul in jennifer tilly's. Chucky and Glen Chucky found it highly entertaining when he first discovered Glen's former name was Sh**face. However, as soon as he notices he and Glen have the same "made in Japan" markings on their wrists, he can't believe Glen is actually his child, and faints. When Chucky and Tiffany can't agree on the gender of their child, Chucky believes he's a boy who hasn't had his growth spurt yet, even comforting him and he also gives him the name, Glen. Chucky arranges a "boys night out" for him and Glen. With Glen working the pedals and Chucky steering, the two hijack a car and Chucky encourages him to put his full weight on the pedal so he crashes into Britney Spears' car when it promptly explodes. The photographer that took the pictures of Chucky, Jennifer Tilly and Redman is Chucky's next victim. Glen tries to stop him but the photographer is startled by Glen's appearance and hits a shelf where sulphuric acid falls on him, burning him and quickly killing him. Chucky is thrilled by this and asks Glen to keep this their secret while he sets up a camera to take picture of them beside the dead photographer. When Tiffany discovers the photo, she is furious. But Chucky states that Glen is "the most promising killer" he's ever seen and Tiffany would have been proud of him. He also gets angry when Tiffany tells Glen she's proud of him for not wanting to be a killer. Chucky believes she's "poisoning our son's mind." Glen chooses not to kill unlike his mother and father and shows a huge desire to not kill. When Chucky decides to remain a doll and says he has everything he wants, he calls Glen a "multi-talented kid" possibly accepting the fact he may have a daughter. This was shown when Glen and Chucky were fighting in the hospital and Chucky was hit in the shoulder with an axe, he first thought it was Glenda who attacked him but was in fact Glen. At the end of the film, when Glen has killed Chucky, he still has the photograph Chucky himself took five years earlier and is happily looking at it. He later received an anonymous birthday gift with his fathers severed arm in it and his twitch from before come again and he starts pissing his pants. Chucky and Glenda Chucky shows little desire for a daughter, but he gets one anyway. As a doll, Glenda briefly took over Glen's mind, and killed Jennifer Tilly's assistant, Joan. Even though Chucky wanted his child (Glen) to kill, he seemed quite scared of Glenda. When Jennifer delivered a human body for Glenda, she possessed it. Near the end of the film, Chucky says he saw Glenda killing him, but it was actually an enraged Glen. Glenda is possibly more twisted than her father is and has inherited his wild red hair. At the end of the film, Fulvia states that Glenda gave someone a bloody nose and took pictures, stealing money from her purse and calling the cat a cun*. Glenda currently lives in Hollywood as a human with her mother, Tiffany, and her brother, Glen.  Warna adalah spektrum tertentu yang terdapat di dalam suatu cahaya sempurna (berwarna putih). Identitas suatu warna ditentukan panjang gelombang cahaya tersebut. Sebagai contoh warna biru memiliki panjang gelombang 460 nanometer.
Panjang gelombang warna yang masih bisa ditangkap mata manusia berkisar antara 380-780 nanometer. Dalam peralatan optis, warna bisa pula berarti interpretasi otak terhadap campuran tiga warna primer cahaya: merah, hijau, biru yang digabungkan dalam komposisi tertentu. Misalnya pencampuran 100% merah, 0% hijau, dan 100% biru akan menghasilkan interpretasi warnamagenta. Dalam seni rupa, warna bisa berarti pantulan tertentu dari cahaya yang dipengaruhi oleh pigmen yang terdapat di permukaan benda. Misalnya pencampuran pigmen magenta dan cyan dengan proporsi tepat dan disinari cahaya putih sempurna akan menghasilkan sensasi mirip warna merah. Setiap warna mampu memberikan kesan dan identitas tertentu sesuai kondisi sosial pengamatnya. Misalnya warna putih akan memberi kesan suci dan dingin di daerah Barat karena berasosiasi dengan salju. Sementara di kebanyakan negara Timur warna putih memberi kesan kematian dan sangat menakutkan karena berasosiasi dengan kain kafan (meskipun secara teoritis sebenarnya putih bukanlah warna). Di dalam ilmu warna, hitam dianggap sebagai ketidakhadiran seluruh jenis gelombang warna. Sementara putih dianggap sebagai representasi kehadiran seluruh gelombang warna dengan proporsi seimbang. Secara ilmiah, keduanya bukanlah warna, meskipun bisa dihadirkan dalam bentuk pigmen. Changing Woman comes closest to being the personification of the Earth and of the natural order of the Universe as to any other brief way of describing her. She represents the cyclical path of the Seasons, Birth (Spring), Maturing (Summer), Growing old (Fall) and Dying (Winter), only to be reborn again in the Spring.
The birth of Changing Woman was planned by First Man and First Woman. First Man repeatedly held up his medicine bundle toward Gobernador Knob at dawn. Somehow from this action Changing Woman was born and found lying on top of Gobernador Knob. She was found by Talking God who was sent to investigate. First Man then presented her to the diyinii, saying that you could see that this is the child of the young man and young woman of exceeding beauty who themselves had arisen from the same medicine bundle to become the inner form of the Earth.{*} First Man raises and teaches Changing Woman. She grew from infancy to puberty in four days, thus acquiring the name Changing Woman. This occasioned the first puberty ceremony. The Holy People were called for and Talking God officiated at the ceremony. Changing Woman was dressed in jewels (white shell, turquoise, abalone and jet), blessed with pollen from the dawn and from twilight, and with "pollen" from many jewels and soft fabrics, symbolizing her control over these articles. After this blessing, her hair was bathed with dews and she was instructed to run toward the dawn as far as she could see and then to return. As she ran, her dress of jewels jingled. She repeated this for four nights. On these days, when not involved in ceremonies, she occupied herself with planning for the future of the Earth. By the end of the ceremony she had made millstones, a whisk broom, pots and stirring sticks. The songs that were sung for Changing Woman as she ran are sung today for young women at their puberty ceremonies. At Changing Woman's next menstration another puberty ceremony was held, similar to the first. But at this ceremony other procedures for the future were defined. These decree that no menstruating woman shall be present at any ceremonial. The order of songs at future Blessingway ceremonies was thus determined. After this ceremony Changing Woman would go outside and walk on the trail which had been prepared for her. One day at noon a strange man walked up to her and spoke to her. He said "Prepare yourself for something that is going to happen, after a while I will visit you." This stranger was so dazzling that Changing Woman had to look away. When she turned back, he was gone. She returned home and reported this encounter to First Woman and First Man. It seems that First Man was expecting this occurence, which happened twice again. On the third time Changing Woman was told to fix her bed outside, with her head to the east. When she fell asleep a young man came and lay beside her. This happened again and she asked who he was. He replied, "Don't you know me? Didn't you ever see me? Don't you know that you see me all the time? It is I that takes care of all things, whatever there is on Earth. I am the Sun's inner form. In my very presence you came into being, in my presence you were put into shape, even I was among them!" He then indicated that First Man had directed him to do this. The next day she decided to bathe because the young man might visit her again. While bathing the young man appeared again and with the collaboration of the dripping water impregnated Changing Woman. In nine [náhást'éí] days, twins were born to Changing Woman. These twins were to become Monster Slayer and Born for Water. These two also grew in four day periods and in twelve days they were grown young men. At this point Changing Woman asked for and receives the medicine bundle that First Man had brought up from the previous worlds. She moves to a hooghan that was built for her at the base of Huerfano Mountain. Here she conducted the first wedding ceremony, the mating of corn. After this ceremony Changing Woman leaves for the house that her sons have built for her, at the direction of their father, the Sun, in the west, at or on the Pacific Ocean. Here Changing Woman grew lonely and created the Navajo People from skin rubbed off various parts of her body. The four pairs of people created at this time are the ancestors of all Navajo today. Changing Woman also caused the abduction of the two children of Rock Crystal Talking God. They were taken to her house in the west by way of a rainbow and a sunbeam. Here they were taught the Blessingway ceremony. They returned home to teach the ceremony to all of their people (the original Navajos saw the ceremony being taught to these children). The diyinii all gathered to learn the ceremony and to construct the original Mountain Soil bundle, containing soil from each of the sacred mountains, with which the ceremony is still conducted. The Holy People then said that, after their departure from this ceremony, they would never be seen in person again but that their presence would be manifest in the sound of the wind [níyol], the feathers [ats'os] of an Eagle, in various birds, the growth of the corn and other aspects of the world surrounding the earth surface people.The two children who had been taught the Blessingway ceremony then departed to live with the Holy People. {*} The parentage of Changing Woman is described in several different ways by different informants; however these can be thought of as just different ways of saying the same thing. Some say that her father and mother are the Sky and the Earth. Others say her parents are sa'a naghái ashkii (boy) and bik'e hózh at'ééd (girl) as in this version. However the Sky is sometimes referred to as sa'a naghái and the Earth as bik'e hózh. In either case, Changing Woman is Earth's child, the child of the Sky and the child of the mountain. As she was planned for by First Man and First Woman and called forth by First Man, she is also their child. Jenis Anjing Sahabat  Chow chow Anjing yang berasal dari Negara Cina ini dilihat dari penampilannya saja sudah sangat lucu dan bikin gemes. Bulunya yang lembut dan halus membuat kita betah mengelus-elusnya. Anjing ini pun terkenal jinak, sangat setia dan manja sama tuannya. Makanya, di beberapa Negara Asia, anjing Chow chow jadi peliharaan favorit. Tapi hati-hati, sama orang asing dia bisa galak banget.  Golden Retriever Anjing yang merupakan peliharaan favorit keluarga di Amerika dan Inggris ini memang mudah bersahabat dengan manusia. Dia sangat ramah terhadap orang-orang yang dia kenal. Selain itu, Golden Retriever juga cerdas dan suka bermain, sehingga kita nggak bakalan bosan berteman dengan anjing satu ini.  Border Collie Collie butuh pekerjaan. Apabila dia menganggur, mereka tidak akan bahagia. Collie sangat tidak dianjurkan untuk ditinggal sendiri. Mereka butuh pendamping, pujian dan latiahan yang intensif. Kalo kalian bekerja di luar kota, jangan berfikir untuk memiliki anjing ini, karena benar-benar tidak cocok untuk anda. Kecerdasan collie yang legendaris, kompetisi untuk anjing inipun berbeda dari yang lain, seperti tes kecepatan, obedience dan tentunya tantangan menggiring domba.  Poodle Anjing poodle yang standard pun memiliki kecerdasan yang tinggi dan sangat mudah dilatih. Mereka senang berada di antara manusia, dan benci ditinggal sendirian. Di balik penampilannya yang menggemaskan, ternyata anjing poodle juga digunakan sebagai anjing pemburu.  German Shepherd Sangat cerdas, pemberani dan memiliki protective intinct yang kuat. Apabila dilatih dari kecil, mereka bisa menjadi anjing keluarga yang baik untuk anak-anak. Karena kecerdasannya, mereka membutuhkan tujuan dan pekerjaan agar mereka bahagia. Oleh karena itu, anjing jenis ini sangat cocok menjadi anjing polisi.  Shetland Sheepdog Shelties dikembangbiakan untuk menjadi gembala ratusan domba, karena membutuhkan konsentrasi, dan tentunya kecerdasan. Kadang-kadang dia bisa agak berhati-hati terhadap orang asing dan anak-anak, tapi sangat setia dan lembut terhadap pemiliknya. Faktanya, anjing ini senang menjadi pendamping manusia. Yang kalian lihat di TV, nyaris mendekati sifat aslinya .  Papilon
Papilon bersifat sedikit moody dan agresif dan sangat posesif terhadap tuanya dan ‘anggota di dalam rumah’. Mungkin agak sedikit mengejutkan kalo papilons dikatakan sebagai anjing paling lembut. Papilons anjing yang sangat cerdas dan mudah untuk dilatih. Dalam dunia kedokteran, kafein sering digunakan sebagai perangsang kerja jantung dan meningkatkan produksi urin. Dalam dosis yang rendah kafein dapat berfungsi sebagai bahan pembangkit stamina dan penghilang rasa sakit. Mekanisme kerja kafein dalam tubuh adalah menyaingi fungsi adenosin (salah satu senyawa yang dalam sel otak bisa membuat orang cepat tertidur). Berdasarkan manfaat dan bahaya kopi untuk kesehatan, berikut ini diantaranya yang termasuk manfaat kopi untuk kesehatan :
1. Mengurangi resiko diabetes. Dua puluh studi yang dilakukan di seluruh dunia menunjukkan bahwa kopi mengurangi risiko diabetes tipe 2 hingga 50 persen. Para peneliti menduga penyebabnya adalah asam klorogenik di dalam kopi berperan memperlambat penyerapan gula dalam pencernaan. Asam klorogenik juga merangsang pembentukan GLP-1, zat kimia yang meningkatkan insulin (hormon yang mengatur penyerapan gula ke dalam sel-sel). Zat lain dalam kopi yaitu trigonelin (pro vitamin B3) juga diduga membantu memperlambat penyerapan glukosa. 3. Melindungi Sirosis (penyakit hati), terutama sirosis karena kecanduan alkohol. 4. Mencegah penyakit saraf. Kandungan antioksidan di dalam kopi akan mencegah kerusakan sel yang dihubungkan dengan Parkinson. Sedangkan kafein akan menghambat peradangan di dalam otak, yang kerap dikaitkan dengan Alzheimer. 5. Mengurangi resiko penyakit jantung dan stroke. Sebuah studi atas lebih dari 83.000 wanita berusia lebih dari 24 tahun menunjukkan mereka yang minum dua sampai tiga cangkir kopi sehari memiliki resiko terkena stroke 19 persen lebih rendah dibandingkan mereka yang tidak minum kopi. Studi terhadap sejumlah pria di Finlandia menunjukkan hasil yang sama. 6. Menghambat penurunan fungsi kognitif otak. Studi atas 4.197 wanita dan 2.820 pria di Perancis menunjukkan bahwa meminum setidaknya tiga cangkir kopi sehari dapat menghambat penurunan fungsi kognitif otak akibat penuaan hingga 33 persen pada wanita. Namun, manfaat yang sama tidak ditemukan pada pria. Hal ini mungkin karena wanita lebih peka terhadap kafein. 7. Kopi sebagai pembangkit stamina. Mekanisme kerja kafein dalam tubuh adalah menyaingi fungsi adenosin (salah satu senyawa yang dalam sel otak bisa membuat orang cepat tertidur). Dimana kafein itu tidak memperlambat gerak sel-sel tubuh, melainkan kafein akan membalikkan semua kerja adenosin sehingga tubuh tidak lagi mengantuk, tetapi muncul perasaan segar, sedikit gembira, mata terbuka lebar, jantung berdetak lebih kencang, tekanan darah naik, otot-otot berkontraksi dan hati akan melepas gula ke aliran darah yang akan membentuk energi ekstra. Itulah sebabnya berbagai jenis minuman pembangkit stamina umumnya mengandung kafein sebagai bahan utamanya. 8. Mengatasi selulit. Selulit muncul karena timbunan lemak yang menumpuk dan mendesak ke jaringan epidermis yang pembatasnya terbuka karena rusak. Permukaan kulit lalu menjadi bergelombang terlihat seperti kulit jeruk. Selulit bisa diakibatkan karena kurangnya asupan air minum, jarang olahraga, masalah pencernaan/sembelit, stress, polusi, dll. Tidak perlu khawatir karena ada langkah cara menghilangkan selulit dengan memanfaatkan khasiat-khasiat dari kopi bagi kesehatan. Tip mengatasi selulit : Siapkan 2 cangkir bubuk kopi, ½ cangkir gula atau garam laut, dan 2-3 sendok teh minyak pijat (bisa minyak zaitun atau baby oil). Lalu campurkan semua bahan dalam mangkok dan oleskan dibagian yang terdapat selulit, lakukan pijatan dengan gerakan memutar 9. Membantu meningkatkan kualitas sperma. Dalam jurnal hasil konferensi American Society for Reproductive Medicine, di San Antonio menyebutkan bahwa sebuah studi yang dilakukan kelompok peneliti dari Universitas Sao Paulo, Brasil menyebutkan pria yang rutin minum secangkir kopi setiap paginya memiliki sperma yang mampu berenang lebih lincah dibanding pria yang tak pernah minum kopi di pagi hari. Mereka meneliti 750 pria yang akan melakukan vasektomi dan membaginya dalam empat kelompok berdasarkan jumlah kopi yang mereka konsumsi, yakni: mereka yang tak minum kopi, peminum kopi ringan (antara satu sampai tiga cangkir kopi per hari), peminum kopi sedang (antara empat-enam cangkir per hari) dan peminum kopi berat (lebih dari enam cangkir per hari). Penelitian ini menggunakan ukuran skala cangkir 100ml. Hasilnya, mereka yang mengkonsumsi kopi secara rutin setiap harinya memiliki kualitas sperma yang jauh lebih sehat dibanding yang tak mengkonsumsi kopi. Kandungan kafein dalam kopi membantu sperma mampu berenang lebih cepat selain membantu memperbaiki sample sperma dalam proses IVF (in-vitro fertilisation), metode pembuahan di luar rahim. 10. Mencegah kerusakan gigi. Kafein mempunyai kemampuan antibakteri dan antilengket, sehingga dapat menjaga bakteri penyebab lubang menggerogoti lapisan gigi. 11.Mencegah kanker mulut. Minum kopi secangkir setiap hari terbukti dapat mencegah risiko kanker mulut hingga separuhnya. Senyawa yang ditemukan di dalam kopi juga dapat membatasi pertumbuhan sel kanker. 12. Menurunkan risiko kanker payudara. Menjelang masa menopause, wanita yang mengonsumsi 4 cangkir kopi sehari mengalami penurunan risiko kanker payudara sebesar 38 persen, demikian menurut sebuah studi yang dipublikasikan di The Journal of Nutrition. Kopi melepaskan phytoestrogen dan flavonoid yang dapat menahan pertumbuhan tumor. 13. Mencegah batu empedu. Batu empedu tumbuh ketika lendir di dalam kantong empedu memerangkap kristal-kristal kolesterol. Xanthine, yang ditemukan di dalam kafein, akan mengurangi lendir dan risiko penyimpanannya. Dua cangkir kopi atau lebih setiap hari akan membantu proses ini. 14. Mencegah kangker kulit. Konsumsi 2-5 cangkir kopi setiap hari dapat membantu menurunkan risiko kanker kulit nonmelanoma hingga 17 persen. Kafein dapat memacu kulit untuk membunuh sel-sel prakanker, dan juga menghentikan pertumbuhan tumor. 15. Mengurangi sakit kepala. Penelitian menemukan kafein yang terdapat dalam kopi (dalam jumlah tertentu) sanggup menolong mengobati sakit kepala. Menurut Seimur Diamond, M.D., dari Chicago’s Diamond Headache Clinic. Penderita migrain dalam kategori ringan dapat disembuhkan dengan secangkir kopi pekat. 16. Melegakan napas pada penderita asma. Kafein yang terkandung di dalam kopi dapat melegakan napas pada penderita asma dengan cara melebarkan saluran bronkial yang menghubungkan kerongkongan dengan paru-paru. 17. Mencegah osteoporosis. Perempuan yang minum dua cangkir kopi atau lebih per hari dapat mengurangi risiko terkena pengeroposan tulang (osteoporosis). 18. Meningkatkan daya ingat. Penelitian di Universitas Arizona ditemukan bahwa orang dewasa yang minum kopi sebelum test daya ingat menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan dibanding mereka yang tidak minum kopi. 19. Menangkal radikal bebas dan menghancurkan molekul yang dapat merusak sel DNA. Mengurangi Resiko Kanker, Riset secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa kopi mengurangi risiko kanker hati, kanker payudara dan kanker usus besar. Sport (or, in the United States, sports) is all forms of competitive physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Hundreds of sports exist, from those requiring only two participants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals.
Sport is generally recognised as activities which are based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this definition, and other organisations such as theCouncil of Europe using definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports. However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and SportAccord, the international sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports, although limits the amount of mind games which can be admitted as sports. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can by determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first, or by the determination of judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression. In organised sport, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. In addition, sport is a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sports drawing large crowds to venues, and reaching wider audiences through sports broadcasting. Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat. Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice, that it's “not that you won or lost but how you played the game", and the modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most important thing... is not winning but taking part" are typical expressions of this sentiment.  1. Kopi reguler
Kopi reguler dibuat dengan hanya mencampur bubuk kopi dengan air panas. Aduk dan diamkan selama satu menit sebelum dikonsumsi. Kopi bisa disajikan ‘hitam’ atau ‘putih’. Jika ingin kopi putih, tambahkan krim atau susu ke dalam kopi. Tambahkan pula gula sesuai selera Anda. 2. Kopi instan Dalam kopi instan, bubuk kopi akan ikut larut ketika kopi diseduh. Jenis kopi ini cocok untuk orang sibuk yang ingin membuat kopi dengan cepat dan mudah. Cara membuat kopi instan sama dengan kopi reguler 3. Espresso (berasal dari Italia) Kopi espesso dibuat dengan mencampur kopi dari jenis yang berbeda. Kopi espresso dapat digolongkan mulai dari dark (paling kuat) hingga espresso tanpa kafein. 4. Cappuccino Minuman kopi ini mirip dengan espresso hanya saja penyajiannya ditambahkan dengan susu berbusa diatasnya. Susu berbusa digunakan untuk menahan agar kopi tetap panas. Bubuk kayu manis atau cokelat dapat ditambahkan pula pada cappuccino. 5. Latte (‘susu’ dalam bahasa Italia) Latte merupakan satu jenis espresso yang dibuat dengan susu yang telah dikukus (susu juga berbusa seperti pada espresso). Semakin banyak susu ditambahkan, konsentrasi dan rasa kopi akan semakin ringan. 6. Mocha (berasal dari Yaman) Jenis kopi ini menggunakan tambahan kacang mocha. Kopi mocha bisa dibandingkan dengan minum cappuccino atau latte, namun dengan versi yang lebih manis. Bubuk cokelat panas atau sirup biasanya juga ditambahkan pada mocha. 7. Frappe Frappe merupakan versi dingin dari espresso. Frappe biasanya dibuat dari campuran kopi instan, gula, luluhan es, krim, dan air. Adapun macam-macam kopi Arabica:
 Orang tua saya adalah penikmat kopi sehingga sejak kecil saya tidak asing dengan minuman yang dapat disajikan dingin maupun panas tersebut. Sebatas tidak asing, saya hanya minum kopi sesekali. Saat kecil, cara paling menyenangkan menikmati kopi adalah menuangkannya pada sebuah piring dan menunggunya hingga tidak lagi panas baru kemudian menyeruputnya. Kecintaan saya terhadap kopi mulai bersemi ketika saya lulus SMA. Sempat menjadi pengangguran selama 1 tahun, kebiasaan saya setiap hari hanya begadang dan minum kopi (ngopi). Mendapat teman yang juga hobby ngopi membuat saya semakin tidak ingin berhenti ngopi. Hingga sekarang, saya tidak bisa sehari saja tidak mencicip minuman yang berasal dari pengekstraksian biji tanaman kopi itu. Saya tidak khawatir pada kesehatan saya, karena kuantitas kaffein yang saya konsumsi itu tidak berlebihan.
Kata kopi sendiri berasal dari bahasa Arab qahwah yang berarti kekuatan, karena pada awalnya kopi digunakan sebagai makanan berenergi tinggi. Kata qahwah kembali mengalami perubahan menjadi kahveh yang berasal dari bahasa Turki dan kemudian berubah lagi menjadi koffie dalam bahasa Belanda. Penggunaan kata koffie segera diserap ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi kata kopi yang dikenal saat ini. Secara umum, terdapat dua jenis biji kopi, yaitu arabika (kualitas terbaik) dan robusta. Sejarah mencatat bahwa penemuan kopi sebagai minuman berkhasiat dan berenergi pertama kali ditemukan oleh Bangsa Etiopia di benuaAfrika sekitar 3000 tahun (1000 SM) yang lalu. Kopi kemudian terus berkembang hingga saat ini menjadi salah satu minuman paling populer di dunia yang dikonsumsi oleh berbagai kalangan masyarakat. Indonesia sendiri telah mampu memproduksi lebih dari 400 ribu ton kopi per tahunnya. Di samping rasa dan aromanya yang menarik, kopi juga dapat menurunkan risiko terkena penyakit kanker, diabetes, batu empedu, dan berbagai penyakit jantung (kardiovaskuler). |
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